Liver transplantation (LT) is a curative therapy for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis, simultaneously treating tumors and underlying liver disease. This review provides an up-to-date overview of LT for HCC, focusing on key considerations for hepatobiliary surgeons. We discuss established selection criteria (Milan and University of California, San Francisco) and the evolution of expanded eligibility models incorporating tumor biology (e.g., “up-to-7” criteria, alpha-fetoprotein–based models). Outcomes of LT for HCC are excellent in appropriately selected patients, with 5-year survival >70% and low recurrence rates when within criteria. We examine strategies for downstaging advanced HCC to transplantable disease, which have enabled curative LT in patients initially beyond criteria with acceptable 10-year outcomes. We compare living donor and deceased donor LT, highlighting the role of living donor transplantation in expanding access and its comparable survival. Immunosuppression protocols are reviewed, with an emphasis on striking a balance between preventing rejection and minimizing the risk of tumor recurrence. We also address global trends and challenges, including organ shortages and ethical considerations, and survey recent innovations from clinical trials and translational research—such as machine perfusion organ preservation, novel biomarkers, and immunotherapy—for their potential impact on HCC transplant practice.